 Nowadays, USB is the most popular connection connection between PC and peripherals such as AVR programmers, printers, scanners etc. For that reason I had to modify my old serial AVR In-System-Programmer (ISP) to work with USB connection. You can say, "use a USB to Serial adaptor to connect your AVR ISP with your PC". Yes, that could be a solution but it would cost me more money than a singe FT232BM chip because I had to include an USB to RS232 adaptor and a power supply for my programmer. (almost 30). So, the solution was to replace the two transistors, that were used to adapt the RS-232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, with a USB to RS-232 chip such as FT-232BM.
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 This circuit allows you to connect HD44780 compatible LCD modules to your PC via USB interface by using the virtual serial port implemented by FTDI USB chip.
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 The LM35 of National Semiconductors that is used in this project is a precision centigrade temperature sensor, which has an analog output voltage. It has a range of -55ºC to +150ºC and a accuracy of ±0.5ºC . The output voltage is 10mV/ºC . The output voltage is converted by the AD convertor of the AT Mega8. The temperature is displayed on an LCD module. In this example the thermometer has a range of 0ºC to 40ºC and a resolution of 0.5ºC. If you want to have a readout in Fahrenheit you can use the LM34.
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 This small thermometer board can be connected directly to PORTD of the AVR 2313 Project board. It uses the Dallas DS1621 Digital Thermometer and Thermostat chip. The DS1621 measures temperatures from -55° to +125° in 0.5° steps and doesn't need calibration or external components. It has also a build-in thermostat with high and low set-points which can be programmed by the user.
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 The Graphical LCD 128x64 controlled is with the ATMega16, the graphic LCD GLCD HG1286418C-VA with a S6B0107/S6B0108 controller is used. See below for the pinout of the display. The display has 8 data bits and 5 control bits. The databits are hooked to PORTB and the control bits are hooked to PORTD of the Mega16. A small PCB board is made for easy connection to the microcontroller. The programs are made with the BASCOM-AVR compiler. The program shows text and a picture on the display.
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